home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
CNN Newsroom: Global View
/
CNN Newsroom: Global View.iso
/
txt
/
nsc
/
nsc92.004
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1994-05-02
|
7KB
|
139 lines
<text>
<title>
Environmental and Health Effects of Nuclear Testing
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Facing Reality: The Future of the U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex
Environmental, Safety, and Health Effects of Nuclear Testing
</hdr>
<body>
<p>by Arjun Makhijani, PhD
</p>
<p> Since 1945, the five acknowledged nuclear powers have
conducted some 1,900 nuclear test explosions. About half the
total have been U.S. tests, including 20 joint U.S./British
underground explosions in Nevada. Soviet testing came to a
virtual standstill in 1989, and the two republics where testing
had been performed, Russia and Kazakhstan, announced a one-year
moratorium in late 1991.
</p>
<p> The 518 known above-ground weapons tests, the great majority
of them within the atmosphere, have caused the most widespread
environmental and human health damage of any nuclear weapons
related activity (assuming nuclear war is avoided). Many tens
of thousands of military people were exposed--many heavily--to radiation during war games or other activities at or near
the test sites. Similar numbers of civilians, living in areas
downwind from nuclear tests, were exposed to fallout without
their knowledge or consent.
</p>
<p> Fallout distributed around the world will increase cancer
incidence for many thousands of years. Other ill effects, such
as genetic disorders, will be in addition to these cancer
fatalities. Based on the most recent analysis of radiation
health effects, using cancer coefficients from the U.S. National
Academy of Sciences, combined with United Nations data on
fallout distribution, our best estimate of additional deaths
from cancer alone is 430,000 caused by doses received through
the year 2000. ( Radioactive Heaven and Earth, International
Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War and Institute for
Energy and Environmental Research, Apex Press, 1991.) Assuming
a constant future world population of 10 billion, our estimate
of the fatal cancers caused by atmospheric tests over all time
is 2.4 million. Because doses and population densities are
highest in the mid Northern latitudes, the effects will be
greatest there, both in terms of risk to individuals and number
of cases.
</p>
<p> During the entire 18-year period of U.S. atmospheric testing,
the Atomic Energy Commission deliberately misled exposed
populations as to the risk they faced. Guarding the program from
criticism was ranked consistently higher than protecting human
health. In many cases, keeping information from citizens
prevented them from taking simple steps to reduce their exposure
by factors of ten or more. One government document even spoke
of using atmospheric testing for a "re-education" of the public,
so as to calm their "hysterical" fears about radiation.
</p>
<p> During the atmospheric testing program, the government denied
causing any damage, injury, or death. Instead, AEC, and later
DOE, officials lied and covered up information on the
atmospheric tests of the 1950s, well into the 1980s. This
deception was practiced not only in official reassurances, but
in sworn court testimony as well. One of the most egregious
aspects of the tradition of secrecy combined with public
relations campaigns to calm the public has been that no
government has yet begun a serious effort to estimate the
long-term consequences of underground testing.
</p>
<p> Health consequences of testing throughout the world have
fallen most heavily on minority, rural, or disenfranchised
populations because governments have placed their test sites in
remote areas inhabited by such groups. The U.S., France, and
Britain have tested in parts of the South Pacific that they had
colonized or that were entrusted to their care by the United
Nations. The U.S. continues to test on land that, by treaty,
belongs to the Shoshone Indians. Both primary Soviet test
sites, and the Chinese one, are in areas occupied by minorities
with little political influence. The worst health and
environmental ravages have usually been imposed on these rural,
minority, or colonized populations.
</p>
<p> The U.S., the U.K., and USSR ended atmospheric testing in
1963, in part as a result of protests by a large number of
people in the U.S. who were concerned about fallout constituents
particularly hazardous to children: Cesium-137, Strontium-90,
and Iodine-131. But driving tests underground did not eliminate
their hazard. Through 1970, underground tests in the U.S. that
"vented" to the atmosphere emitted some 25 million curies of
radioactive fission products. After 1970, test containment was
improved, and fallout emissions have been reduced to low levels.
Venting has reportedly been more common and more serious in the
former Soviet Union.
</p>
<p> Underground testing is not harmless. It injects large
quantities of plutonium and various long-lived fission products
into fractured rock cavities, without serious concern for future
containment. (On the average, each test deposits the following
amounts of the three most significant radioisotopes, in curies:
4,000 of Strontium-90, 6,000 of Cesium-137, and 150 of
Plutonium-239. Further discussion in Radioactive Heaven and
Earth.) Each test creates the equivalent of an unlicensed
underground nuclear waste dump. Nuclear wastes continue to
accumulate underground in Nevada, at a site with unproven
ability to contain these materials for thousands of years.
</p>
<p> All nuclear weapons testing comes at a real cost to human
health and the environment. The world should take the following
steps to bring this desecration to an end:
</p>
<p>-- All countries that have tested nuclear weapons must reveal
all information pertaining to the health and environmental
effects of their testing programs. This applies particularly to
France and China, because they remain the most secretive.
</p>
<p>-- While billions of dollars are being committed throughout the
world to study and realize the disposal of highly radioactive
wastes, virtually no attention has been paid to the dispersal
of long-lasting radionuclides from underground nuclear weapons
tests. Until a comprehensive test ban is achieved, there should
be a moratorium on underground testing so that its environmental
effects can be studied, understood, and openly debated.
</p>
<p>-- Epidemiological studies are needed to identify high-risk
populations and assess their exposure and cancer risk--separating them from larger groups for whom exposures were
lower. This will give a better understanding of the health
costs of testing.
</p>
<p>-- To recognize and repair the harm from nuclear weapons
testing, special attention, including injury compensation,
should be given to downwind communities, including the
colonized, tribal, and national minorities who have so
frequently been in harm's way.
</p>
<p>A project of The Tides Foundation, May 1992
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>